J Oral Pathol Med. Direct immunofluorescence testing results in cases of premalignant and malignant oral lesions. Inter- and intra-observer variability in three grading systems for oral epithelial dysplasia. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: diagnosis, management and current advances. Endophytic Fungus - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Mitoses are rare and confined to the basal layer.25 A band of lymphocytic infiltrate is usually found at the base of the tumor (Figure 3, A). The deeper dermis is remarkable for an inflammatory infiltrate and ectatic vessels. 2018;125(6):591602. There are occasional dyskeratotic cells, while koilocytes are absent (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnifications 10 [A] and 400 [B]). Conclusion: A, An exophytic and endophytic verrucous squamous proliferation with a bulbous, pushing base. Squamous cell papilloma (SCP) is generally a human papillomavirus (HPV) induced exophytic or endophytic proliferation on the surface of the skin, oral cavity, larynx, esophagus, cervix, vagina, and anal canal. Head Neck Pathol. J Int Acad Periodontol. In contrast, basaloid HSIL is characterized by a flat surface and minimal maturation from the basal layer to the granular layer. A lymphocytic band is present at the tumor base. J Am Acad Dermatol. Keratinocytes in the spinous layer are markedly enlarged with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and minimal nuclear atypia (Figure 3, B).25,28 Scattered dyskeratotic cells are common.24 An important diagnostic criterion is the absence of koilocytes, which distinguishes it from giant condyloma acuminatum. No external funding was obtained for this study, with support from institutional review boards and the sponsoring societies. Of these subtypes, the endophytic tumours have the worst prognosis because of their invasiveness and higher frequency of The ragged tumor base is indicative of stromal invasion. Squamous keratinocytes are more common in this variant compared to basaloid cells. The lesions demonstrated the spectrum of histologic features described in PVL, and in some cases, patients developed oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). PubMed Central Mitotic activity is low and is confined to the lower third of the epithelium. [24] Additionally, H. frisingense is known to produce indoleacetic acid (IAA),[25] and was also shown to manage IAA genes, indicating that there is an intricate balance maintained between ethylene and IAA by H. Bagan JV, Murillo J, Poveda R, et al. [24] However, unique to this experiment was the mode by which this was thought to happen. Verrucous Carcinoma This supports the hypothesis that plant signaling is required in order to induce expression of endophytic secondary metabolites. Koilocytes containing enlarged and irregular nuclei, perinuclear halos, and coarse keratohyalin granules may be found in the granular and upper spinous layers. Endophytic Fungus - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics B, Fibrovascular cores are present. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Although a diagnostic hallmark of epidermolytic acanthoma, the EHK pattern is not specific for this diagnosis, as it may also be seen in epidermolytic ichthyosis,80 epidermolytic epidermal nevus,81,82 or as an incidental finding.83,84 These conditions are histologically indistinguishable, and clinical correlation is the key to correct diagnosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. Cases associated with high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia and warty/basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are coinfected with high-risk HPV types.68. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. Plant-microbe interactions are not strictly mutualistic, as endophytic fungi can potentially become pathogens or saprotrophs, usually when the plant is stressed. Proliferative Verrucous Leukoplakia: An Expert Consensus Guideline for Standardized Assessment and Reporting. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. [1], Endophytes were first described by the German botanist Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link in 1809. Correspondence to PubMed sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal B, Koilocytes are readily found in the upper epidermis, while the remaining keratinocytes are cytologically uniform and bland (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnifications 10 [A] and 200 [B]). 2015;19(2):198204. including secondary metabolite-methyl ether of fusarubin have shown antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and Bacillus megaterium. Furthermore, while the benefits of endophyte relations are well-studied, the costs of these relations are less well understood, such as the specific carbon costs, the system of endophyte governance, and the environmental conditions that facilitate a proper plant-endophyte relationship. 1999;28(6):2747. [32] It has been estimated that there could be approximately 1 million endophytic fungi that exist in the world. The adjacent epidermis is acanthotic but not dysplastic. The scrotum, groin, and pubis may also be affected.2123 The tumor grows exophytically and endophytically, and the exophytic excrescences are often described as cauliflower-like. Fistula formation between papillae is common. 1985;60(3):28598. The papules have a median diameter of 0.7 cm according to one study and may be flat-topped or slightly verruciform, commonly mistaken for condyloma acuminatum on clinical examination.5254 Most patients are young adults in the third and fourth decades of life.53,54 Similar to HSIL, bowenoid papulosis is associated with high-risk HPV, particularly HPV 16.53,55 However, as progression to invasive SCC is exceptional, treatment options often include simple excision as well as local destructive modalities such as imiquimod and photodynamic therapy, although recurrence is common.53,5660 A small percentage of cases may regress spontaneously.53 A DNA ploidy study showed an intermediate malignancy grade between that of Bowen disease and SK, suggesting it to be a low-grade SCC in situ.61 Patients with bowenoid papulosis are at increased risk of developing external anogenital SCC and cervical neoplasia, and therefore warrant clinical surveillance on a regular basis.62,63, The histopathologic features of bowenoid papulosis overlap significantly with those of basaloid HSIL (Bowen disease).52 The lesions are acanthotic and may appear psoriasiform or slightly verruciform (Figure 6, A). [15], Studies have shown that endophytic fungi grow in a very intimate interaction with their host plant cells. Recognition of relatively rare entities such as bowenoid papulosis, epidermolytic acanthoma, and verruciform xanthoma would avoid overdiagnosis and unnecessary, overaggressive treatment. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. Triple therapy with intralesional 5-fluorouracil, chemowraps, and acitretin: A well-tolerated option for treatment of widespread cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas on the legs. This class of non-clavicipitaceous endophytes has been the most extensively researched and has been shown to enhance fitness benefits of their plant host as a result of habitat-specific stresses such as pH, temperature and salinity. Upadhyaya JD, Fitzpatrick SG, Cohen DM, et al. This tumor type is rarely described in the anogenital region. These classes of non-clavicipitaceous endophytes have not been as extensively studied to date. 2006;17(3):1215. Statistical analysis of inter-rater agreement was provided by Sijia Yue, MS at the University of Florida College of Public Health and Health Professions Department of Biostatistics. 2017;30(s1):S5467. [57][58] Endophyte bioprospecting has already yielded compounds with antibacterial,[59][60] antifungal,[61] antiviral,[61] antiparasitic,[62] cytotoxic,[59][63] neuroprotective,[62] antioxidant,[62] insulin-mimetic,[62] -glucosidase inhibitory,[61] and immunosuppressant[62] properties. Case 2. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Giant Squamous Cell Papilloma of the EyelidDiagnostic and Sinonasal papilloma Immunohistochemistry for p16 does not distinguish verrucous carcinoma from giant condyloma acuminatum, as both display negative or focal staining.30 Nuclear p53 staining is commonly present but mostly confined to the basal and suprabasal layers. 1995;24(5):198200. 1995;80(2):18891. Familiarization with the clinicopathologic characteristics and HPV status of various anogenital lesions described in this review should allow for more accurate classification and appropriate management of these conditions. Numerous tumors can develop in a short period of time. Intraexaminer and interexaminer reliability in the diagnosis of oral epithelial dysplasia. The case for antiherbivore defences", "Exploitation of endophytes for sustainable agricultural intensification", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endophyte&oldid=1141734599, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 14:41. The keratinocytes are bland and without koilocytic change. Web18.2 Endophytic Fungal Diversity. FOIA B, The lesion is diffusely positive for p16 (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnifications 40 [A] and 200 [A, inset]; original magnification 100 [B]). Saraswathi TR, Ranganathan K, Shanmugam S, et al. [2] In exchange the endophyte receives carbon for energy from the plant host. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia and its progression to oral carcinoma: a review of the literature. A, The papillae are of variable lengths and shapes, covered by irregular well-differentiated squamous epithelium. An official website of the United States government. [70], Endophytes appear to enhance the growth of their plant host symbionts. Condyloma acuminatum. Endophytic proliferation composed of basaloid and Keywords: 1997;84(2):1547. Figure 6Bowenoid papulosis. Is alveolar ridge keratosis a true leukoplakia? [43], Many endophytes protect plants from herbivory from both insects and animals by producing secondary metabolites that are either unappetizing or toxic to the herbivore. volume15,pages 572587 (2021)Cite this article. [69] Piriformospora indica is an interesting endophytic fungus of the order Sebacinales, the fungus is capable of colonising roots and forming symbiotic relationship with many plants. Its giant variant (giant condyloma acuminatum of Buschke-Lwenstein) is discussed separately in the next section. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Potentially malignant disorders of the oral cavity and oral dysplasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of malignant transformation rate by subtype. Figure 5. Clin Exp Dermatol. Histopathologic examination confirms an exophytic papillomatous lesion. This is a bulky squamous proliferation, three to four times the thickness of the epithelium for the site, that is endophytic and/or exophytic in its growth pattern The basaloid tumor cells display high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio and frequent mitoses at all levels of the epithelium (inset). Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: unusual locations of oral squamous cell carcinomas, and field cancerization as shown by the appearance of multiple OSCCs. The upper keratinocytes acquire a moderate to abundant amount of cytoplasm as they mature toward the surface,45,46 where koilocytosis is readily appreciated (Figure 4, B). Head Neck Pathol. There was less than moderate agreement (kappa<0.60) for lesions in the Bulky hyperkeratotic epithelial proliferation, not reactive category. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1 July 2019; 143 (7): 821831. Limitations: [31] It is suggested that areas of high plant diversity such as tropical rainforests may also contain the highest diversity of endophytic organisms that possess novel and diverse chemical metabolites. Conspicuous parakeratosis fills many gaps between the Endophytic type squamous cell papilloma, is continuous with the adjacent hyperplastic epidermis and a crater forms by invagination with no pedicle. This endophytic type has neither invasive nor compressive growth into surrounding tissues. Histologic lichenoid features in oral dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma. B, Many of the papillae have pointed tips surmounted by church spire parakeratosis. T. andreanae produces paclitaxel, also known as taxol. WebHistologically, it is characterized by stratified squamous epithelium with few atypical cells. 2014;118(6):71324. All procedures performed in this retrospective data analysis involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional review board, which did not require informed consent. There is marked papillomatosis with usually mild hyperkeratosis (Figure 2, A). Corbaln-Vlez R, Martnez-Barba E, Lpez-Poveda MJ, Vidal-Abarca Gutirrez I, Ruz-Maci JA, Oviedo-Ramirez I, Martnez-Menchn T. Actas Dermosifiliogr. [42], Non-clavicipitaceous endophytes represent a polyphyletic group of organisms. Gonzlez-Moles M, Ruiz-vila I, Gonzlez-Ruiz L, et al. Cabay RJ, Morton TH Jr, Epstein JB. J Oral Pathol Med. When verrucous carcinoma forms on your feet, they manage it as a skin cancer. Cutaneous Pseudoepitheliomatous Hyperplasia from a Displaced Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. There are two different means of classifying endophytes. Insufficient crosstalk between genitourinary, gynecologic, gastrointestinal, and general surgical pathologists and dermatopathologists further contributes to the practice gap in this area. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. Parakeratosis is usually more abundant than in condyloma acuminatum.37 The key distinguishing feature is the presence of cytologic atypia in that the keratinocytes in the lower epithelium are enlarged and pleomorphic (Figure 4, B). Class 4 endophytes are restricted to plant tissues below ground and can colonize much more of the plant tissue. TP53; atypical squamous nodule; keratoacanthoma; p53; squamous cell carcinoma; squamous proliferation. Verrucous hyperplasia of the oral mucosa. 2016;17(9):4491. Upadhyaya JD, Fitzpatrick SG, Islam MN, Bhattacharyya I, Cohen DM. 2015;9(7):Zc17-22. endophytic squamous proliferation Characterization of initial/early histologic features of proliferative Histopathologically, verrucous carcinoma is a well-demarcated verrucous squamous proliferation with bulbous rete ridges that push, rather than infiltrate, into the underlying stroma (Figure 3, A). Figure 2Giant condyloma acuminatum. Epub 2011 Feb 22. Rapidly progressive squamous cell carcinoma in a patient with Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. The histopathologic features of epidermolytic acanthoma frequently raise suspicion for condyloma acuminatum or VV to the untrained eye. [23], However, the specific biochemical mechanisms behind these behavioral changes are still largely unknown and lower-level signal cascades have yet to be discovered. Different fractions of Cladosporium sp. SEBASTIAN, SHELDON; Head Neck Pathol. [22] Improvements in water use efficiency were observed in higher CO2 concentrations and a further increase was seen in water deficit conditions. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! 2014;117(4):51120. WebEndophytic type squamous cell papilloma, is continuous with the adjacent hyperplastic epidermis and a crater forms by invagination with no pedicle. [42] Many non-clavicipitaceous endophytes have the ability to switch between endophytic behavior and free-living lifestyles. A diagnostic clue at low magnification is the presence of compact parakeratosis with an orange hue or peach color completely filling the spaces between the papillary projections (Figure 9, A and B).89 Neutrophils are often found in the parakeratotic stratum corneum (Figure 9, B). Koilocytosis may be subtle but often can be appreciated in a background of hypergranulosis. 2009;67(1):1406. [16] Studies have also shown that during experimental circumstances endophytes contribute significantly to plant growth and fitness under light-limited conditions, and plants appear to have increased reliance on their endophytic symbiont under these conditions. A, This lesion shows flat acanthosis with full-thickness basaloid atypia. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. The keratinocytes are crowded and display high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio and impaired maturation toward the surface (Figure 6, A; inset).54 Scattered apoptotic cells and mitotic figures are present at all levels of the epithelium.60 Some cells in the granular layer may resemble koilocytes. This expert consensus guideline has been developed with support and endorsement from the leadership of the American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and the North American Society of Head and Neck Pathologists to recommend the use of standardized histopathologic criteria and descriptive terminology to indicate three categories of lesions within PVL: (1) corrugated ortho(para)hyperkeratotic lesion, not reactive; (2) bulky hyperkeratotic epithelial proliferation, not reactive; and (3) suspicious for, or squamous cell carcinoma. Classification of PVL lesions based on a combination of clinical findings and these histologic descriptive categories is encouraged in order to standardize reporting, aid in future research and potentially guide clinical management. Architectural Alterations in Oral Epithelial Dysplasia are - Springer Microscopically, the lesion showed proliferation of the well-differentiated stratified squamous epithelium, forming endophytic complex branching networks interconnected with multiple deep keratin-filled clefts and crypts. These categories are based on the endophyte's genetics, biology, and mechanism of transmission from host to host. D, There is strong and diffuse p16 immunostaining within the lesion (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnifications 20 [A], 200 [B], 40 [C], and 200 [C, inset]; original magnification 100 [D]). J Oral Maxillofac Surg. [2] Though, most of the endophytic studies reports the mutualistic relationship of bacteria and fungus, Das et al., (2019) reported about endophytic virome and their probable function in plant defense mechanisms. [24] Specifically, H. frisingense was shown to upregulate ethylene receptors and repress ethylene response factors, overall leading to an increase in root growth. Carrard VC, Brouns ER, van der Waal I. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia; a critical appraisal of the diagnostic criteria. Most common forms of treatment include LN2, ED/C, topical creams, Excision, and Mohs 2. DEVIL is a rare form of squamous proliferation characterized by prevalent PIK3CA and HRAS mutations. 2012;17(6):e93542. Inter- and intra-observer variability in diagnosis of oral dysplasia. Conspicuous parakeratosis fills many gaps between the verrucous projections, giving rise to a firm and rigid appearance. [21], Additionally, various reports on endophyte interactions have shown increased photosynthetic capacities of host plants as well as improved water relations. The lesion is acanthotic and hyperkeratotic with variable degree of papillomatosis and/or invagination (Figure 8, A).76,79 The histopathologic pattern is that of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis (EHK), in which the keratinocytes in the granular and spinous layers display cytoplasmic vacuolation, reticular degeneration, coarse keratohyalin granules, and perinuclear eosinophilic inclusions (Figure 8, B).73,76,79 Despite superficial resemblance to koilocytosis, these unique characteristics of EHK effectively exclude condyloma acuminatum and VV. Natarajan E, Woo SB. Semin Diagn Pathol. Davidova LA, Fitzpatrick SG, Bhattacharyya I, Cohen DM, Islam MN. IFK clinically and pathologically resembles other malignant Note the convergence of elongated rete ridges at the base. Figure 7Verruca vulgaris. It was first misidentified as the endophyte Gliocladium roseum, but later research showed that it was in fact the saprophyte Ascocoryne sarcoides. Pathol Res Pract. To review the overlapping and distinguishing features of condyloma acuminatum and its mimics, and to clarify confusing terminology and diagnostic criteria for problematic entities. MeSH [8] Endophytes and plants often engage in mutualism, with endophytes primarily aiding in the health and survival of the host plant with issues such as pathogens and disease,[9] water stress, heat stress, nutrient availability and poor soil quality, salinity, and herbivory. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted
